| |
Understanding
Your Test Results
The following is a brief synopsis of the blood screening tests.
It is intended only for your information and should not be
used for diagnosis or interpretation. Questions should be
directed to your physician.
| Glucose |
| Measures blood sugar-elevated
levels associated with diabetes. Glucose is a six-carbon
sugar that is the main source of energy for all
of the cells in the body. The rate at which it is
metabolized is controlled by insulin, which is secreted
by the pancreas. Elevated fasting levels of glucose
(>109 mg/dl) may be an early sign of diabetes
or could indicate other problems such as hyperthyroidism.
Low levels (hypoglycemia) could indicate too much
insulin in the blood. |
|
| Fluids
and Electrolytes |
| Electrolytes are positive
and negative ions that exist in the intracellular
and extracellular fluids. They regulate osmolality,
state of hydration and pH. Also, electrolyte gradients
are maintained by cells and are important to the
function of nervous tissue and activities of skeleton
and heart muscle. |
|
| Chloride,
Serum |
| Similar to sodium, it helps
to maintain the body's electrolyte balance. Almost
never found out of normal range alone, this element
usually fluctuates with elevated or decreased levels
of sodium or potassium. Borderline levels have little
clinical significance. |
|
| Potassium |
| Helps to control the nerves
and muscles. This element helps in regulating the
electrical activity of all muscles. It also affects
the acid-base and fluid levels in the body. Elevated
levels could indicate kidney disease. Low levels
can cause muscle weakness and heart problems. Certain
drugs and supplements can cause fluctuations in
potassium levels so it is important to discuss the
medications taken with the doctor (for example diuretics
could cause low potassium levels). |
|
| Sodium,
Serum |
| One of the major salts in
the body fluid; sodium is important in the body's
water balance and the electrical activity of nerves
and muscles. As one of the four major electrolytes
Sodium (Na) is necessary in the maintenance of the
body's water balance, the acid-base balance, and
the electrical activity of nerves and muscles. Elevated
levels could be caused by not drinking enough water
or by too much salt intake. Fluid loss from dehydration,
vomiting or diarrhea could cause low sodium levels. |
|
| Kidney
|
| The major functions of the
kidney are 1) elimination of metabolic waste, 2)
regulation of the internal fluid environment and
3) production of hormones. Any of these functions
may be used to assess the renal status. The routine
biochemical assessment of kidney function includes
determination of serum levels of the waste products,
urea, creatinine and uric acids. |
|
| Blood
Urea Nitrogen (BUN) |
| A by-product of protein metabolism
eliminated through the kidneys. Elevated levels
could be caused by many factors such as dehydration,
blood loss, Urinary Tract Infections, congestive
heart failure, GI bleeding, or improperly functioning
kidneys. Decreased levels could be influenced by
liver disease, too much water intake, a low protein-high
carbohydrate diet, or pregnancy. |
|
| Creatinine,
Serum |
| Elevated levels could indicate
deterioration of kidney function. Excreted by the
kidneys, Creatinine is the product of the breakdown
of creatinine, which helps to contract skeletal
muscle. Malnutrition, dehydration, or liver function
has little influence on Creatinine levels (unlike
BUN). Elevated levels may indicate chronic kidney
disease or an obstruction of the urinary tract.
A low Creatinine level is often present in muscular
dystrophy. |
|
|
Uric acid |
| Another by-product of protein
metabolism eliminated through the kidneys. Uric
acid is an indicator of kidney function. |
|
| Bun/Creatinine
Ratio |
| Calculated by dividing the
BUN by the Creatinine. This ratio is important if
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) is high to narrow down
the cause. If BUN is elevated this ratio, which
compares the BUN level in the blood to the Creatinine
level, can help distinguish between a possible kidney
problem or if the cause is something like dehydration
or blood loss into the gut. |
|
| Liver |
| More than 500 of the liver's
functions have been identified. Some of its major
functions are producing bile by liver cells; processing
glucose, proteins, vitamins, fats, and most of the
other compounds used by the body; producing hemoglobin
for vital use of its iron content in red blood cells;
and converting poisonous ammonia to urea. The liver
cells also render harmless numerous substances,
such as alcohol, nicotine, and other poisons, as
well as various harmful substances produced by the
intestine. The liver contains cells called hepatocytes,
which produce many different proteins. Some of these
are enzymes and others are transport proteins. The
activity of several enzymes, the concentrations
of several proteins and substances synthesized or
stored by the liver are used to estimate the status
of the liver. The biochemical assessment also evaluates
the integrity of hepatocyte organelles and membranes,
the ability of the liver to manufacture or convert
various compounds and the ability to secrete bile.
|
|
| Alanine
aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) |
| An enzyme found primarily
in the liver. Abnormalities may represent liver
disease. |
|
| Albumin,
serum |
| One of the major proteins
in the blood and a reflection of the general state
of nutrition. Approximately two-thirds of the total
protein found circulating in the blood, albumin
is important in maintaining water inside the blood
vessels. If water leaks out into the other areas
of the body there can be swelling. This protein
is produced by the liver and is normally secreted
into the blood in large amounts. Decreased levels
of albumin could be caused by liver disease, too
much water in the body, kidney disease, severe injury
such as burns or major bone fractures, malnutrition,
or slow bleeding over a long period of time. |
|
| Albumin/Globulin
ratio |
| Calculated by dividing the
albumin by the globulin. |
|
| Alkaline
phosphatase |
| A body protein important in
diagnosing proper bone and liver functions. |
|
| Aspartate
aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) |
| An enzyme found in skeletal
and heart muscle, liver and other organs. Abnormalities
may represent liver disease. |
|
|
| A chemical involved with
liver functions. High concentrations may result
in jaundice. Produced in the breakdown of red blood
cells, elevated levels could indicate liver disease.
During the breakdown of hemoglobin (red blood cells)
Bilirubin is produced in the spleen and is transported
to the liver for excretion by attaching to the blood
protein albumin. Bilirubin is the orange-yellow
pigment that creates the yellow tint in the plasma
or serum of the blood. |
|
| Gamma
Glutamyl transferase (GGTP) |
| An enzyme which can be an
early indicator of liver abnormalities. It is highly
sensitive to recent ingestion of alcohol. |
|
| Globulin,
Total |
| A major group of proteins
in the blood comprising the infection fighting antibodies.
Composed of about 60 different proteins (such as
alpha, beta, and gamma globulin) globulins help
the body fight infections and some play a major
role in the clotting and unclotting of blood. Due
to the number of different globulins found in this
group, elevated or decreased levels may indicate
the need for further testing of the individual proteins. |
|
| Lactate
Dehydrogenase (LDH) |
| An enzyme found mostly in
the heart, muscles, liver, kidney, brain, and red
blood cells. When an organ of the body is damaged,
LDH is released in greater quantity into the blood
stream. |
|
| Total
Protein |
| A general figure--out of
normal range may indicate the need for further testing.
As the sum of the albumin and globulin figures,
the total protein value reflects on the body's general
nutritional state. Level fluctuations aren't necessarily
indicative of disease but the possible need for
further testing. |
|
| Bone
and Mineral |
| Minerals are extremely important
micronutrients essential for health. Essential minerals
function in numerous metabolic reactions and play
a major role in antioxidant defenses. These micronutrients
are involved in wound healing, immunity, cancer
protection, glucose metabolism, protein synthesis,
nucleic acid function and hormone activities. Bone
is a dynamic tissue constantly remodeled throughout
life. The structure of bone consists of a solid
mineral phase in close association with an organic
matrix of mainly collagen. The mineral phase is
made up of largely calcium and phosphate. |
|
| Iron,
Total |
| An abnormally low-test result
may indicate iron deficiency anemia. |
|
| Iron Binding
Capacity (TIBC) |
| Used to refine the body's
iron status; iron is important for proper metabolism
of red blood cells. Magnesium - can be used to assess
nutritional status and diagnose calcium related
disorders. |
|
| Calcium |
| A mineral essential for development
and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth. It is
important also for the normal function of muscles,
nerves and blood clotting. This test cannot be used
as an indicator of osteoporosis. While almost all
of the calcium in the body is found in bone, the
small amount that is found in the blood is important
for the proper function of nerves, muscles, enzymes,
and blood clotting. Elevated levels could be caused
by excess intake of vitamin D, excess intake of
antacids and milk (which often can be seen in people
with ulcers), bone disease, and hyper-parathyroidism.
(Responsible for the maintenance of an equilibrium
state, the parathyroid gland is the chief regulator
of calcium.) Decreased levels of calcium are often
associated with malnutrition. |
|
| Phosphorus |
| Together with calcium, it
is essential for healthy development of bones and
teeth. Associated with hormone imbalance, bone disease
and kidney disease. It is found mainly in bones
and teeth. NOTE: a temporary drop in phosphorus
level can be seen after a meal. |
|
| Thyroid |
| The thyroid gland synthesizes,
stores and releases hormones. The hormones secreted
are iodine containing amino acids, Thyroxine
(T4) and Trilodothyronine
(T3) Uptake. The thyroid hormones influence
a diversity of metabolic processes. These tests
help to evaluate thyroid hormones that control the
body's metabolic rate. |
|
| TSH,
High Sensitivity |
| Today, most doctors prefer
the thyroid stimulating hormone. Symptoms of an
underactive thyroid are fatigue, weight gain, depression,
dry skin and muscle cramps. An overactive thyroid
are ffatigue, weight loss, anxiety, heart palpitatins
and rapid pulse. |
|
| Homocysteine |
| This amino acid is an intermedial
metabolite for two pathways in the body. Studies
suggest that it plays a critical role in destroying
the lining of artery walls, accelerating the build-up
of scar tissue, and promoting the formation of blood
clots. Elevated levels are strong indicators for
myocardial infarction, stroke, and artheroscherosis,
as well as venous thrombosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
miscarriages, and diabetes. |
|
| Cardio
C - Reactive Protein |
| A substance in the blood that
indicates the presence of inflammation, high levels
may warn of a heart attack in advance. Cardio (also
specific or high sensitivity) C-Reactive Protein
is a marker of inflammation to the blood vessels
and a strong predictor of risk for future myocardial
infarctions. |
|
| Prostate
Specific Antigen (PSA) |
| Prostate specific antigen
(PSA), is a protein made only in the prostate gland.
PSA is produced by normal, abnormal and cancerous
prostatic tissue. Some of it leaks into the blood
and the PSA blood test is an accurate measure of
this amount. The theory is that cancer causes more
of the protein to be made and leaked into the blood
than normal prostate tissue, so PSA is now used
for assisting in the diagnosis and monitoring of
prostatic carcinoma. A non-cancerous, abnormally
enlarged prostate (called Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
or BPH) can also produce elevations of PSA. BPH
is called benign to distinguish it from cancer,
not to imply that it isn't troublesome. PSA can
also be elevated following a digital exam or during
an infection. PSA level needs to be considered in
light of several factors including age, race, the
presence of BPH or infection, and overall medical
condition. The higher the number the more likely
cancer is present. Below 2 is generally considered
to indicate that cancer is unlikely. Between 2-5
whether to worry depends on personal "style"
of the physician and the other factors listed above.
Above 10 is very suggestive of cancer, but nothing
is absolute. PSA above 4 at age 40 should attract
your attention and definitely see your doctor if
you are above 4 at age 50. Occasionally, normal
PSA values can be found in men with biopsy-proven
prostatic carcinoma. In those cases, the other well-known
protein of prostatic origin, prostatic acid phosphatase
(PAP), may be monitored. Some people have proposed
that the rate of increase in PSA can be monitored
to help distinguish BPH from prostate cancer. The
theory is that cancer grows faster than BPH and
thus the PSA will rise faster as well. Certainly
a 2-point rise in PSA in a six-month period should
attract some attention at any age. |
|
| Cardiovascular
Lipids |
| The status of the cardiovascular
system is generally evaluated by measuring lipids
and their derivatives. Total cholesterol is a marker
of risk for coronary heart disease. Cholesterol
exists in different complex forms such as high-density
lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins
(LDL). An increased ratio of HDL to total cholesterol
is believed to favor well-being. Triglycerides are
important neutral fats found in tissue and blood.
Triglycerides containing lipoproteins may also contribute
to dysfunctions relating to coronary heart disease.
|
|
| Cholesterol,
Total |
| A sterol in the blood. Knowing
your cholesterol may be as important as knowing
your blood pressure. Elevated cholesterol is associated
with an increasing risk of coronary heart disease. |
|
| HDL-Cholesterol |
| High-density lipoproteins
are believed to take cholesterol away from cells
and transport it back to the liver for processing
or removal. They have become known as the "good"
cholesterol as persons with high levels of HDL may
have less heart disease. Low HDL could be the result
of smoking and lack of exercise. |
|
| LDL-Cholesterol |
| Low-density lipoproteins
contain the greatest percentage of cholesterol and
may be responsible for depositing cholesterol on
the artery walls. For that reason, they could be
known as the "bad" cholesterol. |
|
| Cholesterol/HDL
Ratio |
| Calculated by dividing the
total cholesterol by the HDL. Ratio used by physicians
in determining your relative risk for developing
cardiovascular heart disease. |
|
| Triglycerides |
| Triglycerides
is a fat in the blood responsible for providing
energy to the cells of the body. Triglycerides should
be less than 400 mg/dl even in a non-fasting state. |
|
| Complete
Blood Count (CBC's) |
| The complete blood count (CBC)
is an analysis of blood cells and coagulation. The
basic examination of blood includes analysis of
the concentration, structure and function of the
different blood cells. Three populations of cells
normally present in the blood are erythrocytes (red
blood cells, RBC), leukocytes (white blood cells,
WBC, and thrombocytes (platelets). Cell counts of
erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white
blood cells) and platelets are expressed as concentrations
per unit volume of blood. The RBC's and platelets
are relatively uniform populations in cell type
and concentration. The WBC, however, represents
a diverse population consisting of granulocytes
(neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes
and lymphocytes. The function of all the blood cell
populations is essential to normal life. |
|
| Basophils |
| The results of this and eosinophils,
lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils deal with
white blood cell function. Important to the body's
defense against infection and in the assessment
of nutritional status. |
|
| Eosinophils |
| The results of this and basophils,
lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils deal with
white blood cell function. Important to the body's
defense against infection and in the assessment
of nutritional status. |
|
| Hematocrit |
| Measures the volume of red
cells that transports oxygen through the blood stream
to all cells of the body. Oxygen is needed for healthy
organs. It is an indicator of the mass of red blood
cells; polycythemia, a high volume and anemia with
low volume. |
|
| Hemoglobin |
| A chemical compound inside
red cells that transports oxygen through the blood
stream to all cells of the body. Oxygen is needed
for healthy organs. Hemoglobin gives the red color
to blood. |
|
| Lymphocytes |
| The
results of this and basophils, eosinophils, monocytes
and neutrophils deal with white blood cell function.
Important to the body's defense against infection
and in the assessment of nutritional status. |
|
| Monocytes |
| The results of this and basophils,
eosinophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophils deal with
white blood cell function. Important to the body's
defense against infection. Also important in the
assessment of nutritional status. |
|
| MCH
|
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
is one way to measure the average hemoglobin concentration
within red blood cells, which varies from normal
with different diseases.
MCHC
-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
MCV - mean corpuscular
volume measures red blood cell volume.
Monocytes - important in the assessment of
nutritional status.
Neutrophils
- the results of this and basophils, eosinophils,
lymphocytes, and monocytes deal with white blood
cell function. Important to the body's defense against
infection. Also important in the assessment of nutritional
status. |
|
| Platelets |
| Produced in the bone marrow,
these blood cell particles are involved with the
forming of blood clots. Platelet count may be higher
in women than men and may be influenced by race.
An elevated platelet count could suggest certain
leukemia's, whereas a low value may suggest bone
marrow disease or anemia. |
|
| RBC |
| Red blood cells measure the
number of blood cells available to carry oxygen
to all cells. |
|
| RDW |
| The
fourth indices, measures the variation in red cell
size to determine bleeding disorders. |
|
| WBC |
| White blood cells are the
body's primary defense against disease. White blood
cells help fight infection. |
|
| Complete
Urinalysis |
| The examination of urine
to detect disease is the oldest medical test, and
today is a routine test which should be part of
every exam. It provides a wealth of information
about the kidneys and the general state of health.
Included are: Color, Odor, Glucose,
Protein, pH, Specific Gravity, Esterase, Ketones,
Occult, Bilirubin, and Nitrite. |
|
| CA-125 |
| Ovarian cancer survival is
directly related to its detection stage. Studies
have shown that the CA-125 may forewarn of ovarian
cancer, as 80% of the women who have ovarian cancer
have elevated levels of the serum tumor marker CA-125.
This also means that less than 20% of these women
do not have the marker at all. The rate of "false
positives" with CA-125 is also high, which
means that this test alone is inadequate for screening
purposes. It is not licensed as a complete cancer
screening, and should be supplemented with your
physician's examination. However repeat testing
of CA-125 is helpful to observe a trend. |
|
| CEA
(Carcinoembryonic Antigen) |
| CEA is a protein that normally
occurs in fetal gut tissue. After birth, detectable
serum levels essentially disappear. However, CEA
may increase in the presence of various disorders
such as colon cancer. This test may also be used
to determine the responsiveness of cancer patients
to treatment (to determine if cancer is spreading
or going into remission). |
|
| CA
15-3 (Carbohydrate Antigen) |
| Blood
test used to investigate recurrence and spread of
breast cancer. Elevated levels suggest spread or
recurrence. Often used with CEA and CA-125. Not
used to screen for breast cancer. |
|
| ABO
Group and Rhesus antigen status (Rh factor) |
| While there is no scientific
basis for this idea-and no evidence has linked blood
type to specific medical conditions-people are often
curious about their blood type as a matter of self-knowledge.
Blood type knowledge can be personally useful when
you are considering giving blood. While blood donations
of all kinds are always welcome, sometimes blood
banks have a shortage of a specific blood type.
Knowing your blood type, you'll be able to respond
to these important appeals. |
|
| FSH
- (Follicle-stimulating hormone) |
| If you're starting to experience
hot flashes, or any of the other symptoms associated
with menopause, the follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) test can help predict when you will actually
go through menopause. It's especially helpful if
you've had a hysterectomy and don't have periods
to judge your menopause status by. The test is done
to determine ovarian failure, which leads to menopause,
and can give you an idea whether you're ready to
begin hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). |
|
| Carbon
dioxide |
| CO2 is the major waste product
of normal metabolism. Since the main route of excretion
of Co2 is through the lungs, high levels are found
in those with breathing difficulties such as pneumonia
or emphysema. |
|
|
Estradiol |
| The most powerful natural
estrogen. High estradiol is found in certain tumors
of the ovary or adrenal gland, and in some liver
diseases. Low levels are seen in decreased functioning
of the pituitary gland or the ovaries. |
|
| DHEA |
| Dehydroepiandosterone is
a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes
the formation of male features. Blood levels are
used to evaluate infertility, menstrual abnormalities,
virilization, and to monitor treatment with drugs
that reduce DHEA levels. It is best interpreted
with other hormone tests, such as testosterone and
androstenedione. |
|
| ANA |
| Antinuclear antibodies are
found in diseased often called autoimmune diseases
and indicate that the immune system is reacting
against the body's tissues. A positive ANA will
almost always be followed by other tests designed
to further investigate your problem. |
|
| Iron
w/TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) |
| Iron circulates in the blood
bound to proteins, but only a portion of the total
amount of protein which can bind iron normally does
so. This test measures the total amount of iron,
the iron binding capacity, and how much of this
capacity is being used. It is obtained to evaluate
anemia and nutritional status. |
|
| Progesterone |
| During pregnancy, progesterone
is produced by the placenta and is important in
maintaining the pregnancy. Blood levels of progesterone
are used in infertility evaluations to confirm the
presence of ovulation, and during pregnancy to study
how well the placenta is working. It is also used
to monitor the effectiveness of medication-induced
ovulation. |
|
| Sedimentation
Rate |
| Used to screen for inflammation,
cancer, and infection. A high rate is generally
taken to indicate the presence of some abnormality
which needs further evaluation, where a normal rate
is often held to indicate the absence of significant
disease. |
|
| Magnesium |
| A mineral particularly important
to the nerves and muscles. High magnesium produces
muscle weakness, sweating, and low blood pressure
and is seen in kidney failure. Low magnesium symptoms
include tremors, muscle cramps or irregular heartbeat,
and found in malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes,
and pregnancy. |
|
| Ferritin |
| A major storehouse for iron
in the body, this test is used to evaluate anemia
and iron deficiency seen in low Ferritin. It is
high with inflammation, infection, liver disease,
and certain cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. |
|
| Testosterone,
Total |
| A hormone manufactured in
the testicles of men in large amounts, and in the
ovaries and adrenal glands in women in smaller amounts,
most often used to evaluate virilization in women
and to investigate abnormal sexual development and
sexual dysfunction in men. |
|
| Hemoglobin
A1C |
| The hemoglobin A1c test is
a non-fasting, blood test designed to measure the
percent (%) concentration of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
in individuals diagnosed with or suspected of having
diabetes. The HbA1c test provides a reliable method
to measure and/or assess the average level of individual
diabetes control over the past 90 - 120 days. This
test is not a substitute for daily (routine) blood
glucose monitoring. |
|
| IGF-1 |
| Somatomedic-C (SC) is produced
in the liver in response to stimulation by growth
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. This insulin-like
growth factor level used to evaluate disturbances
of growth and to monitor treatment with growth hormone. |
|
| Osteoporosis |
| The Merck
Manual provides valuable information on Osteoporosis:
Bone, which are hard and dense, contain minerals
such as calcium and phosphorus. To maintain density,
the body requires an adequate supply of calcium
and other minerals. We must produce the proper amounts
of several hormones as well, such as parathyroid
hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin, estrogen (in
women), and testosterone (in men). Also, an adequate
supply of vitamin D is necessary to absorb calcium
from food and incorporate it into the bones. If
the body is not able to regulate the mineral content
in bones, they become less dense, more fragile,
and resulting osteoporosis. For more information
on other disorders, see The
Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition |
|
| H.
Pylori |
| Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium
found in the stomachs of those suffering from ulcers.
This antibody is a blood protein important to the
immune system. |
|
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Profile™ with over 50 blood tests, a 40-test Amino
Acid panel, and an Organic Acid Analysis. Those results
are then extensively interpreted relative to each other
using the latest scientific research and presented in
a report which is advanced yet easy to read. Graphic
representations and detailed nutritional recommendations
allows you to fully understand what to do based upon
the results of the lab work. The package includes:
Comprehensive
Wellness Profile
Organic Acid Analysis
CellMate Foundational
Profile Report
40-Amino Acids
ORDER
ONLINE |
| Thyroid
Package, Special |
Free T3
- Evaluate thyroid function and assess abnormal binding
protein disorders
T4, Free - Free T4 may be indicated when binding globulin
(TBG) problems are perceived, or when conventional test
results seem inconsistent with clinical observations.
It is normal in subjects with high thyroxine-binding globulin
hormone binding who are euthyroid (i.e., free thyroxin
should be normal in nonthyroidal diseases). It should
be normal in familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia.
TSH Highly Sensitive
ORDER
ONLINE |
| Women's
Health Chek™ |
This valuable package is
structured with a focus on the chronic conditions affecting
women and limiting activity, in addition to the Cardio
heart risk panel, chemistries, CBC's and much more.
Comprehensive
Wellness Profile
Thyroid Panel with
TSH
Complete Urinalysis
CA-125
(fasting
recommended)
ORDER
ONLINE |
| Men's
Health Chek™ |
This valuable package, valued
at over $500, is structured with a focus on the disorders
that affect men. The Comprehensive Wellness Profile™
includes lipids, blood chemistries, CBC's, and much more.
Comprehensive
Wellness Profile
Complete Urinalysis
Cardio C-Reactive
Protein (CRP)
PSA
(fasting
recommended)
ORDER
ONLINE |
|
